A foraminotomy is a surgical procedure to widen a narrowed space in the spine. This can relieve pressure on the spinal nerves that pass through the spaces in the spine. Recovery may involve pain and ...

Clinically, achondroplasia presents with a wide range of skeletal abnormalities, classically a disproportionately short stature with rhizomelic shortening of the limbs. The skull and spinal column ...

Chiari (pronounced kee-aa-ree) malformation is a group of conditions where the lower back part of your brain pushes against or into the hole where your spinal cord enters your skull, called the ...

A patent foramen ovale is an opening that some adults have between the top two chambers of their hearts. Everyone has this opening early in life, but it often seals during infancy. In some people, ...

People may receive transforaminal epidural steroid injections to relieve pain for several conditions that affect the back, arms, legs, or neck. People with conditions including sciatica, herniated ...

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the heart that doesn’t close as expected after birth. Before a baby is born, they have a hole between the left and right sides of their heart. This hole, ...

A 5-month-old boy was referred by a community pediatrician to clinical genetics at our facility for short stature and macrocephaly. His delivery had been normal, although his parents had noticed ...

An atrial septal defect is an opening or hole in the wall that sits between the heart’s two upper chambers. The heart’s upper chambers are called the right and left atria. Some people refer to atrial ...

The jugular foramen remains one of the most complex regions of the human body. Approaching lesions in this area requires extensive anatomical knowledge and experience, due to the many critical ...