Importantly, this implies the medieval powers of East Asia placed great value on civilian, not just military, infrastructure on their frontiers, willing to invest significant resources to publicly ...

Volume 1. Frontmatter -- Contents -- 1. Introduction: Volume 1: Intra-Asian Transfers and Mainland Southeast Asia -- PART I: INFLUENCES FROM THE SOUTH -- 2. From Melayu to Thamel and Back: The ...

The study of great powers and great power rivalry has recently gained increased prominence particularly because the world today seems to be moving away from being dominated by a single power or ...

Geography, demographics, religion, technology, and a state’s institutions determined why certain states exercised power and how different regions developed the way that they did. Even if medieval ...

Two high-altitude, medieval cities built by mobile herders along Silk Road trade routes in Central Asia have been hiding in plain sight — until now. Mountainous regions typically have been seen as ...

Since antiquity, musk has been a valued perfume and medicine. Because the musk deer only lives in Central Eurasia, people in other locations had to trade for its musk. For medieval Islamic ...